History+Basic+Training

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__**Writing the CAPE History Essay**__ Advanced level examinations require a bit more from student's answers than were required at ordinary level. The following is an outline of how these essays should be written.  Introduction: An introduction should give a basic definition of the __**key concepts**__ involved in the question that is being answered. It must also show the candidate's understanding of the phrasing of the question and differences in terms used e.g. Define, State, Discuss, Evaluate and Outline.  Paragraph 1: This should give a brief history of the topic that is being dicsussed in the question.  The subsequent paragraphs should have the following basic structure:-

 a) Make your point clearly in your topic sentence.

 b) Explain your point clearly, adding useful vocabulary where necessary.

 c) Cite concrete and recorded examples to support your point as well as scholars/authors that have written on the topic; be careful to quote correctly.

 d) If necessary, cite some critics of the authors that you have used and evaluate both.

 Conclusion: Bring all your point together and give a final evaluation.

**APA STANDARD**

All SBA and IA must be done in APA standard here is a brief description: Complements: Mr. **Pierre** Trinity College English Department

Overall Paper Format - APA • The paper should be typed and double-spaced, on standard 8 ½” x 11”, 20-pound white paper. • All four outside margins should be set at 1 inch. • As many as applicable of the following sections should appear in the paper, each one beginning on a separate page: abstract, text, references, appendices, author identification notes, footnotes, tables, figure captions, figures. Each section should have a running header on the first line of the page, flush right. • The manuscript title on the first page should begin about 1/3 of the way down the page. The title block on that page should include: full title (one or more lines), writer's name, course name and number, instructor's name, and the date - all centred on double-spaced lines • A running header with consecutive page numbering should appear flush right in the upper right-hand corner of each page, including the manuscript title page. This running header will appear one-half inch from the top of the page, and should contain a short version of the manuscript title, followed by the page number. In-Text Citation of Sources - APA • In general, APA in-text documentation format uses the author-date style of citation, with the author's name, followed by the year of publication, cited within the body text of an article. The complete details on the source document are included in the "References" list at the end of the paper. • Normally, an in-text citation will be introduced with a "signal phrase" that includes the author’s last name, followed by the year of publication in parentheses. The page number in the source document, preceded by a "p.", should appear in parentheses immediately after the quotation. Example: As Smith (1998) observed, "There was only one way to go after that" (p. 97). • In cases when the author's name is not in the signal phrase, enclose the author's last name, the year, and the page number, in parentheses at the end of the quotation. Example: (Smith, 1998, p. 263). • If the work cited has two authors, name both authors in the signal phrase and in parentheses at the end of the quotation. For the latter, separate their names with the "&" symbol. Example: (Hartwick & Rogers, 1999). • For more than two authors, identify all of the authors in the introductory signal phrase or in the parentheses the first time they are named. Example: (Brendan, Donaldson, Smith, & Warden, 1995). Later citations of the same work can use the first author's name followed by "et al." Example: (Brendan et al., 1995). • If the author is an organization with a long cumbersome name, use the entire name in the body text the first time it is used, with the acronym for the organization enclosed in parentheses, followed by the year. Example: (American Society of Strategic Planners [ASSP], 1997). For later citations of the same work, use the acronym followed by the year. Example: (ASSP, 1997). • For citations of Internet resources, refer below:

Sample APA Citations - Internet References Following are example citations for some of the more common citations of online sources. (All sources cited are fictitious):

Internet Published Article Based On Printed Source Article:

Waterston, F., Dixon M. (2007). Cuisine as a cultural and religious marker [Electronic version]. National Journal of Anthropology, 7, 125-132.

Internet Article In An Internet-Only Journal:

Wiltshire, R. D. (2006, May 5). Changing thinking patterns to reduce depression. Psychology For the Future, 3, Article 0012. Retrieved March 15, 2007, from http://www. psychologyforthefuture.org/articles/art0012.html

Internet Article In An Internet-Only Newsletter:

Perez, A. R., Winters, S., Jackson D.B., et al. (2005, June). Using video to increase conversion rates. Marketing News Online (05-06). Retrieved October 15, 2006, from http: //www.marketingonline.com/newsletters/Jun05.html//

//Internet Report Posted Online// //Montreal Region Task Force On Crime, Interim Report Number Two. (2006, November). Statistics and trends in crime. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http:// montrealislandcrime.qc.ca

Document On Government or University Web site Bank of Montreal,Business Coach Series, Developing Your Business Plan, Retrieved August 5, 2007,from Government of Canada, Canada Business Web site: http: //bsa.canadabusiness.ca/gol/bsa/site.nsf/en/su07140.html#a3//

//Report From Private Organization - On Their Web Site// //Rassmussen, Inc. (2005, October 28). Knowledge Process Outsourcing in Asia, Retrieved July 20, 2007 from http:// www.rassmussen.com/papers/kpoindia.pdf Message Posted To A Newsgroup Frentzen, W. (2006, December 15). The money is in the list [Msg 127]. Message posted to news://imf.internet.marketing

Message Posted To A Web Log (Blog) Gravely, S. (2007, June 12, 2007). Letter writing for small businesses. Message posted to The Write Place Web Log, archived at http://www.writinghelptools.com/blog/

Reference List - APA • A list of all sources cited in the paper must be included at the end of the paper. This list is entitled "References" and must begin on a separate page after the last page of text. This heading should be centred on the page. • The reference list will be arranged in alphabetical order, by author's last name. If there is more than one work by the same author, place the entries in order of publication date, from oldest to most recent. (i.e. list 1991 references before 1995 references for the same author). • The first line of each entry in the list of references is typed flush to the left margin. Subsequent lines for the same entry are indented one-half inch. All lines are double-spaced with no extra spaces between entries. • All authors’ names in the references list are to use the inverted form; with last name first. Initials should be used for the author's first name. For two or more authors, separate the names by commas and use "&" instead of "and" for the last name mentioned. • For the references list, use the last name of the author; do not use "et al" there. • When an author appears as both a sole author, and as the first author of a group, list the single author entry first. • If no author name is available for a publication, alphabetize the entry by the title of the work, and use a shortened version of the title in parenthetical "in-text" citations in the body of the text. • For the title of the work being cited, use underlining or italics, not both. They are equivalent in this case. Whichever convention is chosen must be used throughout the essay for all titles cited. • When referencing BOOKS, capitalize the first word and all proper nouns contained in the title and sub-title. Do not use all capitals. • When citing ARTICLES capitalize the first word and all proper nouns in the title. Do not put titles of articles in quotations. • When referencing PERIODICALS such as magazine articles or articles in scholarly journals, list the volume number in Arabic numerals, and underline it. Do not use "vol." before the number, and do not use "p." or "pp." for the page numbers. (These can be used when referencing newspaper articles or works in anthologies).

See below for sample reference list References Bedford, F. (1990, October 30). The Psychology of Fear: Is it all in our heads? The New York Times, p. B4. Chrissie, S. (1995, July 31). Are We Afraid of Our Computers? The Chicago Tribune, pp. D4, D6. Gorman, J.R., & Smithson, R.T. (1997). The Dynamics of Human Fear Neuroses In the Age of the Modern Computer (pp. 345-353). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Hillson, G., (1996, December). The Unwelcome Eventual Alternative - Computers That Tell Us What To Do. The New Psychologist, 22, 45-54. Fawcett, S. (1999). Internet Basics without fear!, Montreal: Final Draft Publications. Francis, V. (1985). The Fear Experience: Do We Really Know What We're Getting Into? London: Oxford Press. Sawyer, D., & Johnson R. (1987). The Transference of Fears of Technology To Those Around Us - A Case Study. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Transom, Z., & Rutherford, S. (1991, October). The Relationship Between Occasional Writer's Block and Fear of Technology. Psychology Today, 27, 82-88.